What is diameter protocol? Explain

The RADIUS protocol (Remote Access Dial In User Services) has been widely and successfully deployed to provide authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) services for dial-up PPP/IP and Mobile IP access. However, inherent shortcomings of the RADIUS protocol have limited its ability to adapt to the ever-increasing capabilities of routers and network access servers, and the ever-expanding set of desired AAA services. A number of working groups have specified their requirements for AAA protocols, and these requirements drove the design of the Diameter protocol. The Roaming Operations (ROAMOPS) Working Group of the IETF published a set of requirements for roaming networks. The NAS Requirements (NASREQ) Working Group of the IETF documented the next generation NAS AAA requirements. The Mobile IP Working Group of the IETF documented AAA requirements that would help Mobile IP scale for Inter-Domain mobility. The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) TR-45.6 Adjunct Wireless Packet Data Technology working group documented the CDMA2000 Wireless Data Requirements for AAA. Based on the work of TR-45.6, 3GPP2 has specified a two phased architecture for supporting Wireless IP networking based on IETF protocols;the second phase requiring AAA functionality not supportable in RADIUS. Diameter was specifically designed to meet the requirements indicated by these various groups.Diameter is currently focused on, and limited to, supporting access to IP networks. The Diameter protocol was designed as an improved version of the RADIUS protocol. A goal was to maximize compatibility and ease migration from RADIUS to Diameter.For example, a Diameter message, like a RADIUS message, conveys a collection of attribute value pairs. Diameter is defined in terms of a base protocol and a set of applications. This design allows the protocol to be extended to new access technologies. The base protocol provides basic mechanisms for reliable transport, message delivery, and error handling.

DIAMETER ADVANTAGES OVER RADIUS

Better Transport Diameter runs over a reliable transport, TCP or SCTP. Lost packets are retransmitted at each hop. A persistent connection with an application-level heartbeat message (called a Watchdog message) supports timely failover. TCP and SCTP adapt to network congestion. Better Proxying Hop-by-hop transport failure detection allows failover to occur at the appropriate place — proxies can locally failover to an alternate next-hop peer. The proxy automatically does retransmission of pending request messages following a failover. An AVP that identifies the ultimate destination allows multiple transactions for a given session to be routed to the same home server. Better Session Control Session management is independent of accounting. Accounting information can be routed to a different server than authentication/authorization messages. Session termination is conveyed by a specific Session-Termination message rather than an Accounting Stop message. The server may initiate a message to request session termination. The server may initiate a message to request re-authentication and/or reauthorization of a user. Better Security Hop-by-hop security is provided using IPsec or TLS. End-to-end security protects the integrity and/or confidentiality of sensitive AVPs through intermediate proxies. OVER

CANADA - PERMANENT RESIDENCE - PROVINCIAL NOMINEE CLASS AND QUEBEC SKILLED WORKERS (Document Required) -2016

                                                                             
1
Generic Application Form to Canada
(IMM 0008)
Completed and signed by the principal applicant.
2
Schedule A: Background/Declaration
(IMM 5669)
Completed, dated and signed by
everyone
in the following list:
• the principal applicant
• spouse or common-law partner (whether they are accompanying or not)
• each dependent child over the age of 18 years (whether they are accompanying or not)
Provide your detailed personal history from the last 10 years or since the age of 18, if you are less than 28 years of
age. Do not leave any sections blank, or gaps in time. You must write "n/a" in any sections that are not applicable
to your situation. Include all:
• jobs,
• periods of unemployment,
• study,
• vacations, or
• being a homemaker.
Do not use abbreviations. Do not use general words such as "employee", "working", "manager." Specify your
activity such as retail salesperson, architect, financial manager, etc.
Note:
If this section is not accurately completed, it will cause delays in the processing of your application.
3
Additional Dependants/Declaration
(IMM 0008DEP) (if applicable)
Completed, dated and signed by the principal applicant if the applicant has more than five dependants (whether they are accompanying or not).
4
Supplementary Information - Your Travels
(IMM 5562)
Completed by the principal applicant.
5
Schedule 4: Economic Classes -
Provincial Nominees
completed and signed by the principal applicant.
AND
(if applicable)
Schedule 4A: Economic Classes - Provincial Nominees - Business Nominees
completed and signed by the
principal applicant if you have been nominated under a business stream.
6
Schedule 5: Declaration of Intent to Reside in Quebec: Economic Classes
completed by principle applicants
destined to Quebec.
7
Additional Family Information
(IMM 5406)
Completed, dated and signed by
everyone
in the following list:
• the principal applicant
• spouse or common-law partner (whether they are accompanying or not)
• each dependent child over the age of 18 years (whether they are accompanying or not)
8
Use of a Representative
(IMM 5476)
Complete, date, sign and include this form in your application if you have a paid or unpaid representative.
9
Travel documents and passports
Copy of the pages of your passport or travel documents for you, your spouse or common-law partner and your
dependent children, showing:
• the passport number,
• date of issue and expiry,
• the photo, name, date and place of birth,
• pages showing any amendments in name, date of birth, expiration, etc.
You must hold a valid regular passport. Diplomatic, official, service or public affairs passports
are not valid for immigration to Canada.
If you live in a country other than your country of nationality, include a photocopy of your visa for the country in which you currently live.

10
Certificat de Sélection du Québec (CSQ)
11
Confirmation of Nomination
from the Province that nominated you. Depending on which Province has nominated
you, confirmation of nomination could be a nomination approval letter or other confirmation of nomination from the province.
12
Proof of Language Proficiency
Since July 1, 2012, most applicants to Provincial/Territorial Nominee classes in semi or low-skilled professions
that fall under National Occupation Classification (NOC) skill level C and D are required to complete a language
proficiency test from one of the following designated agencies:
• IELTS (General Training test only),
• CELPIP (General test only), and/or
• TEF.
You must include a copy of your language test results with your application to CIC.
13
Identity and Civil Status Documents
You must provide the following documents for you and your spouse or common-law partner:
• Birth certificates;
• Legal documents showing name or date of birth changes (if applicable);
• Marriage certificate(s), final divorce or annulment certificate(s). If married more than once, include certificates from each marriage and divorce or annulment you, your spouse or common-law partner have had;
• Death certificate for former spouse(s) or common-law partner(s) (if applicable);
• National IDs, family/household registry/book (if applicable);
• If you have a common-law partner, complete and include the
Statutory Declaration of Common-Law Union

14
Children's Information (if applicable)
• Children's birth certificates (which name their parents);
• Adoption papers issued by recognized national authorities showing the legal, approved adoption of adopted
dependent children;
• Proof of full custody for children under the age of 18 and proof that the children may be removed from the
jurisdiction of the court;
If the other parent of your children is not accompanying you to Canada, you must submit a signed
Statutory Declaration from Non-Accompanying Parent/Guardian for Minors Immigrating to Canada
(IMM 5604 - original). You must submit one form for each child and a copy of the non-accompanying parent's photo ID showing their signature;
Definition of dependent children before August 1, 2014
• Proof of continuous full-time studies of all dependent children aged 22 or over, including:
• complete school records/transcripts since attaining age 22;
• letters from the schools indicating the number of hours of classes attended per day, and the number of
days attended per week;
• proof of full financial support by parents since reaching age 22.
15
Police Certificates and Clearances
You must get a police certificate from each country or territory where you have lived for six or more months in a row since the age of 18. You are strongly encouraged to submit your police certificates with your application to the CIO. If you are unable to obtain all the necessary police certificates, you may still send your application to the CIO without them. However, we strongly recommend that you take steps to obtain your police certificates now to avoid future delays. You must be ready to submit them when requested by an officer.
Note:
Police certificates are generally considered to be valid for one year from date of issue; therefore depending on the processing time of your application, you may be requested to submit new certificates.
16
Photo Requirements
Include two (2) photos
for each member of your family, whether accompanying or not, and yourself. Follow the
instructions provided in the section  How to Complete the Forms of the application guide and in
Appendix A:
Photo Specifications
. Photos must have been taken within six (6) months before application submission.
On the back of one (1) of the photographs, write the name and date of birth of the person who appears in the photo as well as the date the photo was taken. Leave the other photograph blank.
17
Fee payment in an acceptable format
If we are unable to process your payment, your application will be returned to you.
Do not enclose cash. Consult "Step 3, Pay the Fee" section of the instruction guide for more information about fee payment.
18
Mailing Your Application
Mail to the CIO in Sydney, Nova Scotia:
• this document checklist,
• your complete application,
• supporting documents required in this checklist, and
• include 2 self-addressed mailing labels:
• one in English or French and
• one in the official language of your country of residence.
Please consult " Step 4, Mail the application" section of the instruction guide for the CIO address and specific instructions on mailing your application


How to apply for permanent residency in Australia for citizens of New Zealand?

 On arrival in Australia, the New Zealand citizens are automatically granted a special Category visa (SCV). It’s a temporary visa, but it permits the holders to remain and work in Australia. And if you were present in Australia after February 2001 as the holder of an SCV you are eligible to apply for the Australian citizenship.

Who can sponsor for permanent residency in Australia?

Anyone can sponsor for the permanent residence in Australia. They can be friends, relatives, and spouse.