Microkernels and exokernels

A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual
arrangement is that the operating system kernel allocates memory and
switches the CPU to different threads of execution. User mode
processes implement major functions such as file systems, network
interfaces, etc.

In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask
communication is fast, and fail when they are slow.

Exokernels communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The
hardware, and all the software in the system are available to, and
extensible by application programmers.

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